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Nigerian Terrorist Attempt to Bomb US Airline: Critical Family and National Questions
New York---The world have heard and were shocked that 23 years old Nigeria Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab, a London-trained engineer boarded and attempted to blow-up Northwest Airline flight 253 with 278 passengers and the 11 crew members onboard on December 25, 2009, but for luck, technical failure of explosive device he used and the quick intervention of some passengers and crew members. Reports have it that the suspect, 23 years-old Abdul Mutallab’s journey started with KLM flight from Lagos, Nigeria to Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. From Amsterdam he connected Northwest Airline flight 253 to Detroit, Michigan, United States. We learnt that 20 minutes from landing as the plane made its descent towards Detroit Metropolitan Airport a loud popping sound alerted passengers that there was something amiss as they reported seeing smoke and fire. The would-be-bomber was reportedly screaming and swearing and mentioning Afghanistan. It was at that point that another passenger Jasper Schuringa, Dutch director, the young man credited with foiling the bomber jumped several seats and tackled the suspect, holding him in a lock grip.
“There was a panic,” said Mr. Jafry, 57, of Holland, Ohio. “Next thing you know everybody was on him.” He said the passengers and the crew subdued the man. They then dragged him forward towards the front of the plane, and the plane made its descent into Detroit Metropolitan Airport, landing at 11:53 a.m. Once on the ground, it was immediately guided to the end of a runway, where it was surrounded by police cars and emergency vehicles and searched by a bomb-disabling robot. Schuringa said when he heard the first explosion; he turned and saw Abdul Mutallab with his pants (trousers) down and something between his legs which was already on fire. In Schuringa words: “I pulled the object from him and tried to extinguish the fire with my hands and threw it away. My hands are pretty burned. I am fine.” Early analysis by the FBI reveals that the substance discovered on the accused is a very explosive substance called Pentaerythritol tetranitrate, also known as PETN. The young Mutallab admitted being trained for a month as a suicide bomber in Yemen. His father, Dr Umaru Abdul Mutallab had reported his son as a security threat to both US and Nigerian security agencies several months ago. But the US Embassy in Nigeria has admitted that the father informed it about the son...but that the information was not specific enough. Summary of What the News Reports Say about Family Background of this Suspected Nigerian Terrorist and His Family The news had it that the father of the Nigerian suspected terrorist, 23 years old Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab is Alhaji (Dr.) Umaru Abdul Mutallab former Chairman of First Bank of Nigeria (formerly, Standard Bank For British West Africa, Standard Bank of Nigeria, which was formerly part of Standard Bank of Great Britain) the oldest and biggest bank in Nigeria in terms of capital. The news had it that his father left chairmanship of First Bank of Nigeria on December 13, 2009 and is currently the Chairman of Jaiz Bank International Plc (JBI), the first fully fledged Islamic bank in Nigeria due to be launched before the end of 2009. The news had it that his father had been in the corridor of Nigerian government power and wealth since 1960s when he became Chief Accountant/Acting General Manager, Defense Industries Corporation of Nigeria, shortly after he became Financial Controller of the company and had served successive regimes in Nigerian governments in various capacities, including as a minister and member of the Federal Executive Council, the highest policy-decision making body. The news also had it that the young man attended very prestigious schools right from high school to university level; basically schools for children of very wealthy or mega-wealthy parents. The news also had it that the young man as an undergraduate student lived in an upper class apartment in central London, Great Britain, in area inhabited by super wealthy families; the British oligarchy or upper class. Some news reports quote the price of the apartment at $4 million while others quote $6.5 million. The news also had it that the $4 million or, $6.5 million property the young man lived in London while going to school was registered in the name of American business. The news also had it that his father travels to United States regularly for medical treatments. The news also had it that Alhaji (Dr.) Mutallab contacted United States and Nigerian government officials for assistance to find and return his son home when he found out that his son is expressing some radical religious views and had traveled to Yemen. The news also had it that his father contacted United States Embassy officials in Abuja, Nigeria and Nigerian government officials and alerted them that his son is expressing some radical religious and anti-US views; that he requested the United States Embassy officials to cancel his son’s United States Travel Visa. This contact was made about couple of months ago. But, the US Embassy in Nigeria has admitted that the father informed it about the son, but that the information was not specific enough to be very useful. News report has it that investigation by Nigerian security agency after the attempted bombing reveals that Dr. Umaru Abdul Mutallab did not report to appropriate agency of Nigerian government; rather that he reported his son to a Nigerian former government official who then mentioned it to contact in Nigerian security agency. Dr. Mutallab’s claim that he reported his son’s radical extremist views to Nigeria government official/security is now getting attention in appropriate agencies of Nigerian government, according to sources. Fact Files On Nigeria’ Religious Burden and Internationalization of Local Radical Extremism: The Truth Nigeria May No Longer Hide There is a big debate going on within the Nigerian community worldwide at the moment on whether successive Nigerian national governments, both military and civilians had through its local policies and politics incubated, nurtured and produced what we are seeing today in this 23 years old Engineer Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab.
That Nigeria is 2 nations, one Moslem which caricature artists call Federal Islamic Republic of Nigeria and the other Christian which same caricature artists call Federal Christian Republic of Nigeria is neither in question, nor, debatable. That Moslems dominate the northern and central parts of Nigeria and the national government, while the Christians dominate the southern parts of the country is neither in question, nor, debatable. That Moslems dominate successive Nigeria national governments since independence is neither in question, nor, debatable. That, policy of successive Nigerian national governments defer to Moslem sensitivity and interests is neither in question, nor, debatable. That Moslems in the northern parts very often attack and slaughter the Christians living in their midst without provocation and without serious questions and punishment from the successive national, state and local governments is neither in question, nor, debatable. That Moslems in the northern parts of Nigeria feels and conducts themselves as if they are first class citizens and treat the Christians and other Moslems from other parts of Nigeria as second class citizens are neither in question, nor, debatable. That successive national leaders and leaders of northern Moslem-dominated states do institute radicalized policies such as Shariah that would appear as if they support religious extremism is neither in question, nor, debatable. That Nigerian Christians either in the northern parts or in other parts of Nigeria are very often on the receiving ends of Moslem radicalized extremisms is neither in question, nor, debatable. That Nigerian leaders generally look other ways and most often times appear to encourage the violent attacks and slaughter of Christians in their midst is neither in question, nor, debatable. That after the terrorist attack on United States on 9/11/2001, Moslems in some northern parts of Nigeria, which includes Katsina were shown on international news media dancing, rejoicing and jubilating, sold bin Ladin T-shirts, named its children after bin Ladin, burned American flags and shout death to America because of Iraq and Afghanistan are neither in question, nor, debatable. Others Facts on Nigeria’ Religious Burden and Local Radical Extremism Are:
That Nigerian Moslem youths often times attack Nigerian Christians in their midst when United States drop bomb at Iraq or Afghanistan is neither in question, nor, debatable. That some northern states in Nigeria have been promoting radicalized extremism by establishment of Shariah Law and some Moslem politicians advocating Islamization of the whole Nigeria is neither in question, nor, debatable. Boko Haram Boko Haram (literally, Western or non-Islamic education is a sin) is a Nigerian militant Islamist group that seeks to wage religious war to impose Shariah law throughout Moslem and non-Moslem communities in all 36 states of Nigeria. The group is hostile to democracy and the secular education system, vowing that "this war that is yet to start would continue for long". The group was founded in 2002 by an individual named Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf. The group includes members who come from neighboring Chad and speak only Arabic. The group set up a base called "Afghanistan", and was reported as refusing to mix with local people. Boko Haram opposes not only Western education, but Western culture and modern science as well. In a 2009 BBC interview, Boko Haram founder, Yusuf stated that the belief that the world is a sphere is contrary to Islam and should be rejected, along with Darwinism and the theory that rain comes from water evaporated by the sun. Boko Haram group was kidnapping Christians, Christian’s pastors and priests and tortured them into converting to Islam; and those who refused to renounce Christianity and convert to Moslem were lined up in public gathering and slaughtered for the rest to see. Many complaints from community leaders, organizations, religious bodies and security officials to Nigerian authorities on the activities of Boko Haram were reportedly ignored. In July 2009 the Nigerian police started investigating the group following reports that the group was arming itself in preparation for attacks including the police. Several leaders were arrested, sparking deadly clashes with Nigerian security forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700 people. In some places, fighters reportedly "used fuel-laden motorcycles" and "bows with poison arrows" to attack a police station. Having attacked the police and army the same way they had been attacking defenseless civilians and Christians, Nigerian government sent the army which went after the group members, captured many including the founder Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf and other leaders, and handed him over to the police for investigation and prosecution. Police interrogated them for few hours possibly to verify and ascertain their identity and killed them inside its station, sparking nationwide and international uproar. The police hierarchy told reporters that they received order to kill the leaders immediately. Killing the leaders of the group was effective way of covering-up detail information about the group members, supporters, financiers/sponsors and its murderous activities which the leaders would have provided at some point had they been alive and prosecuted in court. Reports have it that the radicalized extremist group was actually supported and financed by very powerful people in and outside Nigeria, officials of federal, state and local governments, wealthy folks, and institutions in and outside Nigeria. The question now is whether the system that developed, nurtured, incubated, and promoted Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf, Boko Haram and other radicalized extremists invariable produced this 23 years old Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab that on December 25, 2009 exported and internationalized the same terror being meted to non-Moslems in Nigeria. Information Available on the Father of the Nigerian Terrorist: Dr. Umaru Abdul Mutallab Dr. Umaru Abdul Mutallab, father of 23 years old Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab is described as a professional accountant. He has over 30 years experience in developmental, commercial and merchant banking, a veteran Chairman of the Board of 2 of 3 biggest banks in Nigeria: United Bank for Africa (UBA) from 1978 to 1988, and First Bank Plc. from 1996 to 2009. Alhaji Umaru Abdul Mutallab formally retired from First Bank of Nigeria on December 13, 2009 after serving on the Board for thirteen years. Published work and business profile of Alhaji (Dr.) Umaru Abdul Mutallab are as follow: He also served as Chief Accountant/Acting General Manager, Defense Industries Corporation in Kaduna. He was also the Financial Controller of the company. He rose to become the General Manager, New Nigeria Development Company Limited (NNDC) from 1968 to 1975. In 1975, he was appointed as Federal Commissioner (i.e. Minister) for Economic Development & Reconstruction and was re-assigned to the Federal Ministry of Cooperatives & Supply in 1976. He was a member, Federal Executive Council, the highest policy decision making body of federal government of Nigeria from 1976 to 1978. He left to serve as Executive Vice Chairman/Managing Director, United Bank for Africa (UBA) up till 1988. Mutallab also served on the boards of several companies such as Arewa Textiles Limited, NEPA, NACB, NCC, Nigeria Agip Oil, and the Cement Company of Northern Nigeria [CCNN]. He is currently Chairman of several companies, including Impresit Bakolori Plc, Incar Nigeria Plc and Spring Waters Nigeria Limited (SWAN). He is also Chairman, Business Support Group of the Vision 202020. Alhaji Mutallab is currently founder and Chairman of soon-to-take-off Jaiz Bank International Plc (JBI), a purely Islamic bank, reportedly the first Islamic bank in Nigeria, and he would sit on the board with Rilwanu Lukman, who is the Nigerian Petroleum Resources Minister. Other members of the board are other mega-billionaires Moslem businessmen and ideologues. He is reported to be big financier of many Islamic causes and charities. He was described by The Times in 2009 as being "one of the richest men in Africa". Status-Appropriate Critical Questions Again, as a top class banker having been the Chairman of 2 of the 3 biggest banks in Nigeria, and currently the Chairman of Jaiz Bank International Plc (JBI), the first fully-fledged Islamic bank in Nigeria., and top-ranking former official of Nigerian national government, Alhaji (Dr.) Umaru Abdul Mutallab knows power and money, he knows connections in government, banking and corporations worldwide, he knows about controlling and running world economy. He is by every standard well-educated and well-exposed. Nigerian Guardian which is the biggest news media in the nation reported that “how Mutallab (snr) reported his son and who he made the report have raised curiosity of Nigerian and international Intelligence and Security Community.” “Besides, the Intelligence and Joint Security Services are said to be interested in questioning the eminent Mutallab, a former federal commissioner (minister) under General Obasanjo as military head of state (1976-1979) on "why he did not report the suspicious deeds of his son to the offices of current National Security Adviser or even the Directors-General of the State Services Department or the National Intelligence Agency", according to Guardian Newspaper. Nigerian Guardian is also reporting that, “as a result, so many questions are being asked: What are some of the relationships the older Mutallab has in the world of business, government and even religion? Being married to an Arab Yemeni himself, what could the older Mutallab know or say of his son's Yemeni connections?” These questions below may probably not apply to a top class intellectual like Dr. Mutallab; however, there may be other local and not-quite-well-exposed but equally mega-rich families who may not know about resources of private investigation firms, their functions and purposes they could serve in similar situations. For those kinds of fellows, the information in the questions below may be very useful and valuable knowledge. The purpose of these questions below are not meant to be judgmental, rather the answers will provide critical informational awareness on resources and options: Question number 1: Does the family know about Private Investigation and Security Firms (also called PI in the United States) and their functions? Though private investigation firms are not common in Nigeria, however, the father been as exposed as he is, one will expect that a bank as big as United Bank for Africa (UBA) and First Bank of Nigeria where he was Chairman do make use of private investigation firms, or, their affiliates in western countries may do. Also in this course of his many international businesses, he may have come across one or two instances where services of PI are used or mentioned. Question number 2: Could the services of Private Investigation and Security Firms be relevant in this sort of situation, possibly to first of all locate the young man and secondly work with governments of Yemen, Nigeria, US and Britain to organize rescuing the young man from danger in Yemen? Question number 3: Having made all these efforts to alert both Nigerian and United States’ authorities about the possible danger, and since the family is mega-rich, one wonders whether there was effort, or, consideration to contract private investigation and security firm to locate the young man in Yemen, or, anywhere, rescue him and bring him to safety in Nigeria? Was there attempt to get services of Private Investigation and Security Firms? Question number 4: Since the father is mega-rich, financially connected a big-time banker, was there effort, or, consideration to assemble a ‘Support Intervention Team’, possibly comprising Nigerian respected powerful Imams and Sheiks, community leaders, close friends of his son, his Nigerians and British heroes or role models (not sharing his radical anti-US views), perhaps psychologists and other ‘Support Intervention Team’ in attempt to strategize on ways to decode, or, de-brief the indoctrination and talk him out of his radical views and bring him home? Available Resources It is essential to know the resources including Private Investigation and Security services available to those who could afford them. Private Investigation and Security firms are essential resources available mostly in western advanced countries. Private investigation and security firms are not really very common and popular in Africa countries, but they are routinely used by very wealthy families to locate someone, including loved ones. It is also essential to note that Private Investigation and Security firms do note conflict with government law enforcement agencies. If anything, it compliments the work of government law enforcement agencies. However, in this case, one is not talking of a local wealthy family; one is talking about world class, politically, economically and intellectually connected worldwide. As Nigerians would say; what happened has happened. This is a tragedy for everyone, especially; the Abdul Mutallab family of Nigeria, the traumatized American people and the traumatized international community that patronize airplanes. It will hurt many businesses, international and local business. It will hurt a lot of Nigerians and black Africans using airplanes. Even if the airline officials do not treat us differently, the suspicious looks and doubts on the mind of other passengers; the air of doubt and suspicion alone could hurt a lot of people. One may innocently take a step which could be misinterpreted by other already apprehensive passengers and that could trigger a lot of things. Discussions or thinking along these lines of questions may provide information process that may assist other mega-rich families that may encounter similar issues to be armed with information of possibilities available to handle this sort of situation towards saving lives and avoiding a lot of troubles. Disquieting Coincidence: Father and Son Launching Mission at about the Same Time? Investigation reveals that in 2003 Alhaji Umaru Abdul Mutallah assembled a group of Nigerian Moslem mega-billionaires comprising of present and past government officials and business moguls and started setting up Nigeria's first fully fledged Islamic bank, Jaiz Bank International Plc (JBI). Information on the bank’s website indicates that the bank will be launched and open shop before the end of this year (2009). Also on its website is information that, “the proposed Jaiz Bank International Plc which has been given a green light by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to set up a non interest bank has recently received a boost from reputable national and international investors.” The national investors were named but the international investors were not named. It is probably a coincidence that one of Alhaji Umaru Abdul Mutalla’s sons decided to blow up US airline on about the eve of launching of Jaiz Bank International Plc (JBI), Nigeria's first fully fledged Islamic bank. An event such as launching of first fully fledged Islamic bank in Nigeria is a mega-significant and monumental event that within Nigerian socio-cultural and socio-political context is a celebratory event. It is probably a coincidence also that one of Alhaji Umaru Abdul Mutalla’s sons decided to blow up US airline on Christmas day, the most joyous day for people of Christian faith all over the world. Understanding of Nigerian socio-cultural peculiar situations, cues and nuances, as well as penchant for symbolism, idioms, peer pressure, and religious dynamics would put things and meanings into perspectives. Alhaji Umaru Abdul Mutallah has reached the pinnacle of Nigerian commercial banking industry; his new mission now appears to be advancing the cause of Islam through noble business of banking (Jaiz Bank International Plc (JBI), Nigeria's first fully fledged Islamic bank) in a way never done before in Nigeria. It is also probably a coincidence, even though a disquieting one, that his son’s (Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab) chosen mission appears to be advancement of Islam through violent attack on United States. The timing of the launching of Jaiz Bank International Plc (JBI), Nigeria's first fully fledged Islamic bank by older Mutallab and the timing of the terrorist attack on American airline is one of the most curios and disturbing coincidence. Danger Signals The New York Times described Alhaji (Dr.) Umaru Abdul Mutallab as “a prominent Nigerian banker and former government official”. Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula boastfully called his son; their “Nigerian brother” who successfully outwitted airport security systems even though his determined efforts to wreck the havoc he was deployed for was marred by a ‘technical fault’. Nigerians are extensively debating and discussing and so are international community because the threat of terrorism is everyone’s business. Alhaji (Dr.) Umaru Abdul Mutallab is reported to be a multi-billionaire. Many are saying that it’s not hard to see how he made his billions: from superior connections to juicy positions in Nigerian governments and its parastatals, essentially from Nigeria’s commonwealth. In view of plunder of Nigeria by its leaders, and inability or lack of accountability in Nigeria system, now that this providence has spotlighted Alhaji (Dr.) Umaru Abdul Mutallab to the world stage, the source of his immense wealth may come under scrutiny too. Large segments of world community are begging for question whether Alhaji (Dr.) Umaru Abdul Mutallab is part of the micro (Nigerian) problems and macro (international) problems, or part of the solution. And there is where the danger lies. Nigeria Fears Being Tagged a Terrorist State: Security Adviser queries DG, NIA over Mutallab Religion-related violence is not strange in Nigeria. Before Boko Haram of July 2009, there had been many instances of religious violence in Northern Nigeria resulting in loss of many lives and properties. So, radical Islamic extremist terrorism within Nigeria is not a new phenomenon. There had been some warnings by foreign western government that international terrorist group may be moving to Nigeria or may have already settled in the country. But Nigeria has been in denial and dismissive of those kinds of warnings. But the incident of December 25, 2009 in which 23 years old Nigeria Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab, a London-trained engineer boarded and attempted to blow-up Northwest Airline flight 253 with 278 passengers and the 11 crew members onboard appears to have woken up the government of Nigeria to reality.
“Piqued by the negative impact of the global discussion of the involvement of the Nigerian in the Christmas day's botched attempt to blow up a U.S.-bound plane that took off from Amsterdam, Holland and with the looming spectre of being tagged a haven of terrorists, Nigeria's presidency has launched a comprehensive probe of the tragic incident”, reported the Guardian newspaper. “The claims and counter- claims on who knew what, when and where, about Farouk Mutallab's suspected attempt are of course of special interest.” “The probe, which promises to be far-reaching, began in earnest on Monday morning when the National Security Adviser Abdul Sarki Mukhtar, a retired Major-General, personally issued and signed a strongly-worded query to the Director-General of the National Intelligence Agency (NIA) Ambassador E.O. Oladeji.” “In the query entitled: "Alleged Involvement of Umar Farouk Mutallab in an Attempt to Bomb a U.S. Airliner" and dated December 28, the National Security Adviser indicated that the National Intelligence Agency had prior knowledge of a report said to have been deposited with it on the suspect.” The words of the query: "From all indications, it seemed that your Agency had prior knowledge of a report, said to have been made by Alhaji Umar Mutallab about the tendencies of his son, Umar Farouk, towards radicalisation, which was manifested in the incident leading to his arrest in the U.S." The query goes further, "It is really unfortunate and sad that knowledge of such an important intelligence issue could not be brought to the attention of this office, or the weekly Intelligence Community Committee Meeting (ICCM). It was this failure that led to the unfortunate incident we are grappling with now". "The report if circulated within the ICC would have alerted the Security Agencies at our Travel Control Points (TCPs) to take appropriate required action, that would have led to his arrest, before boarding the KLM flight from Nigeria, thereby pre-empting the sad incident", it added. The NSA notes that "Failure to do so has not only led to this rather unfortunate international embarrassment to the Nigerian nation, but also depicted our country as a haven for terrorists. You are therefore to explain what led to this failure of intelligence, and the persons therein involved. Your explanation, should reach me on or before Tuesday December 29, 2009..." Mutallab didn’t report son to NIA, SSS - Vanguard newspaper Meantime, Vanguard learnt that contrary to media insinuations, Alhaji Umar Mutallab never made any formal report about his son’s terrorist tendencies. Investigations from the Presidency have revealed that the only conscious efforts from him to reach out on this issue was an informal chat with a former National Security Adviser, NSA, during which he claimed that his son had cut links with him and would appreciate if efforts could be made to locate him. According to sources within the Presidency, Alhaji Mutallab’s claim of formally reporting to relevant security agencies is being investigated because of emanating facts that he did not approach the State Security Service, SSS, the National Intelligence Agency, NIA, or even the Police to divulge Farouk’s terrorist tendencies. The source queried, ‘’If indeed, Mutallab formally reported to any of the security agencies, which was it? Is there any evidence of a report from any where? The only known evidence is that Mutallab approached the US embassy as stated and acknowledged by the Americans, with details indicating his son was missing, without clear cut information about his affiliations or religious extremism. Way Forward The fact remains that spotlight is on Alhaji (Dr.) Umaru Abdul Mutallab and his family and they know very well more than everyone else the reasons for the spotlight; the spotlight is also on Nigeria nation-state, and rightfully so; and the spotlight is also on all Nigerians all over the world, good and bad, and that is the ‘opportunity cost’. Having served in Nigerian government in many capacities including the highest policy-decision making body (Federal Executive Council); a top-class banker having been the Executive Vice Chairman/Managing Director, United Bank for Africa (UBA), and the Chairman First Bank of Nigeria, both are 2 out of 3 biggest banks in Nigeria, and now the Chairman of Jaiz Bank International Plc (JBI), the first fully fledged Islamic bank in Nigeria., Dr. Umaru Abdul Mutallab knows power and money; he knows connections and he is highly educated fellow. He is one of the Nigerian leaders, every way one looks at it. Now that religious local radical extremism which most Nigerian have known too well for so long have been exported to international stage, Nigeria has exposed itself proper to the watching world to see its very dark secrets. This is not northern Nigeria tribes versus southern Nigeria tribes, this is not Hausa-Fulani tribes versus Igbo and other smaller ethnic groups; this is Nigeria versus The World. Hopefully, this tragedy will serve as a wake-up call for the political, economic/business, socio-cultural and religious leaders of Nigeria to seriously work towards solving the local, internal and domestic injustices, including radicalized religious extremisms, oppression and intimidation in Nigeria nation-state. Hopefully, Alhaji (Dr.) Umaru Abdul Mutallab will go few steps farther than face-saving alleged contacts with former officials of Nigerian and current US officials, a few step farther than a pale and terse one-page family statement on the incident of December 25, 2009, and seriously work towards finding solution to Nigeria religious problems; not by forceful Islamization and Shariahization of the whole of Nigeria but by respecting the secularity of Nigeria nation-state. Who We Are Africans In America, Inc., (which is publisher of Africans In America News Watch) is a leading human rights organization (501 (c) (3)) addressing social issues concerning the larger African immigrant community in United States. Website: www.aiainc.org Africans In America News Watch is online news service based in New York, United States. Our team is made up of ordinary citizens that for betterment of mankind are fearlessly reporting news and writing reports without barriers, oblivious of borders and regardless of frontiers. We will report as major events unfold. Africans In America News Watch |
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